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COP29 – Advancing Global Climate Action: Key Outcomes from Baku, Azerbaijan

By Semyon Orner


Climate change continues to be a critical global challenge that necessitates unified international efforts. The 29th Conference of the Parties (COP29) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was held in Baku, Azerbaijan, from November 18 to 29, 2024. The conference aimed to build on previous commitments and accelerate action towards limiting global warming to 1.5°C as follows from the Global Stocktake launched at COP28

This article summarizes the pivotal outcomes and agreements reached during COP29, reflecting the collective endeavor to enhance global climate action.


A New Climate Finance Commitment

One of the most significant achievements of COP29 was the agreement by developed nations to provide $300 billion annually by 2035 to assist developing countries in mitigating and adapting to climate change. This commitment represents an increase from the previous $100 billion annual target. The funds are intended to support:

  • Transition to Renewable Energy: Assisting developing countries in adopting clean energy technologies.

  • Enhancing Resilience: Building infrastructure and systems to withstand climate impacts.

  • Addressing Loss and Damage: Providing financial support to vulnerable nations suffering from climate-induced losses.

However, this pledge falls short of the $1.3 trillion per year that experts suggest is necessary to effectively limit global warming. The adequacy and the timeline of the funding have been subjects of debate, highlighting the persistent divide between developed and developing nations regarding climate responsibilities.


Finalization of Carbon Market Mechanisms

After nearly a decade of negotiations, delegates at COP29 finalized the rulebook for carbon markets under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. This agreement enables countries and companies to trade carbon credits, allowing for:

  • Emission Offsetting: Facilitating the offsetting of emissions through certified reduction projects.

  • Standardization: Establishing a framework to regulate and standardize carbon trading.

While this development aims to enhance cooperation and cost-effectiveness in reducing emissions, concerns remain about potential loopholes and the actual effectiveness of carbon markets in achieving genuine emission reductions.


Fossil Fuel Transition Discussions

The conference saw contentious discussions on the transition away from fossil fuels. Key points include:

  • Reaffirmation to Phase Down Coal: Commitments to phase down unabated coal power were reaffirmed.

  • Phase-Out of Inefficient Subsidies: Agreements to phase out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies.

Notably, explicit language on a complete phase-out of fossil fuels was absent. This omission reflects ongoing geopolitical and economic complexities, particularly the resistance from some oil-producing nations.


Looking Ahead

COP29 in Baku marked incremental progress in the global climate agenda. The outcomes reflect both achievements and ongoing challenges:

  • Achievements: Establishment of a new climate finance goal and operationalization of carbon market mechanisms.

  • Challenges: Insufficient commitments on fossil fuel phase-out and addressing financial needs of developing nations.

The commitments made at COP29 will require diligent implementation and continuous enhancement. As the global community prepares for COP30 in Brazil, there is a clear need for:

  • Increased Ambition: Nations are encouraged to submit more ambitious climate plans.

  • Whole-of-Economy Approach: Building on the momentum to include all sectors in climate action.

  • Inclusive Engagement: Ensuring that all voices, especially from the Global South, are heard and considered.

COP29 demonstrated the complexities of international climate negotiations but also highlighted areas of consensus and cooperation. The conference's outcomes are a testament to the ongoing efforts to unite nations in the fight against climate change. The road ahead requires sustained commitment, enhanced ambition, and collective action to meet the urgent challenges posed by a changing climate.



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